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Biography: Colonel Gaddafi
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Colonel Gaddafi, was the ruler of Libya from
1969, when he seized power in a bloodless military coup, until
2011 when his
government was overthrown in a civil war which consisted of a popular uprising
aided by a foreign intervention. His 42-year rule prior to the uprising made him
the fourth longest-ruling non-royal leader since 1900, as well as the
longest-ruling Arab leader.
Muammar al-Gaddafi was raised in a bedouin tent
in the desert near Sirte (Sidra). According to many biographies, his family
belongs to a small tribe of Arabs, the Qadhadhfa. Gaddafi attended a
Muslim elementary school far from home in Sabha, during which time he was
profoundly influenced by major events in the Arab world. He was passionate about
the success of the Palestinians and was deeply disappointed by their defeat by
Israeli forces in 1948. He admired Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and
looked to him as a hero during his rise to power in 1952. In 1956 Gaddafi took
part in anti-Israeli protests during the Suez Crisis.He finished his secondary
school studies under a private tutor in Misrata, concentrating on the study of
history.
After seizing power in 1969, he abolished the Libyan Constitution of 1951 and
civil liberties enshrined in it. Rising oil prices and extraction in Libya
led to increasing revenues. By exporting as much oil per capita as Saudi Arabia,
Libya achieved the highest living standards in Africa. However, at the same time
similarly oil-rich Gulf countries improved their living standards much further,
and this fact was visible to ordinary Libyans. Early during his regime, Gaddafi
and his relatives took over much of the economy. Gaddafi started several wars
and acquired chemical weapons. The United Nations called Libya under Gaddafi a
pariah state. In the 1980s, countries around the world imposed sanctions against
Gaddafi. Six days after the capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein by United
States troops, Gaddafi renounced Tripoli's weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
programs and welcomed international inspections to verify that he would follow
through on the commitment.
In February 2011, following revolutions in neighbouring Egypt and Tunisia,
protests against Gaddafi's rule began. These escalated into an uprising that
spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing a
government based in Benghazi named the National Transitional Council (NTC). This
led to the 2011 Libyan Civil War, which included a military intervention by a
NATO-led coalition to enforce a UN Security Council Resolution 1973 calling for
a no-fly zone and protection of civilians in Libya. The assets of Gaddafi and
his family were frozen, and both Interpol and the International Criminal Court
issued arrest warrants on 27 June for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his
brother-in-law Abdullah al-Senussi, concerning crimes against humanity.Gaddafi
and his forces lost the Battle of Tripoli in August, and on 16 September 2011
the NTC took Libya's seat at the UN, replacing Gaddafi. Gaddafi retained
control over parts of Libya, most notably the city of Sirte, to which it was
presumed that he had fled. Although Gaddafi's forces initially held out against
the NTC's advances, Gaddafi was captured from an irrigation pipe, as Sirte fell
to the rebel forces on 20 October 2011, and died soon after.
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