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Mathematics

Mathematics is science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. Since the 17th century it has been an indispensable adjunct to the physical sciences and technology, to the extent that it is considered the underlying language of science. Among the principal branches of mathematics are algebra, analysis, arithmetic, combinatorics, Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries, game theory, number theory, numerical analysis, optimization, probability, set theory, statistics, topology, and trigonometry.

The word "mathematics" comes from the Greek (máthēma), which means in ancient Greek what one learns, what one gets to know, hence also study and science, and in modern Greek just lesson.

The word "mathematics" in Greek came to have the narrower and more technical meaning "mathematical study", even in Classical times.Its adjective is (mathēmatikós), meaning related to learning or studious, which likewise further came to mean mathematical. In Latin, and in English until around 1700, the term "mathematics" more commonly meant "astrology" (or sometimes "astronomy") rather than "mathematics"; the meaning gradually changed to its present one from about 1500 to 1800. This has resulted in several mistranslations: a particularly notorious one is Saint Augustine's warning that Christians should beware of "mathematici" meaning astrologers, which is sometimes mistranslated as a condemnation of mathematicians. More...

Base of Mathematics Related Resources - Links to selected resource guides, directories, software archives and bibliographic references on applied and computational mathematics.
LLEK Bookmarks Scientific Search Engines - Mathematics - A comprehensive catalog of scientific resources and media worldwide but especially in German and English. Directories of journals; catalogs of search engines; additional starting points and sites of special interest.
MTHWWW: Mathematics Resources on the WWW - Covering most branches of mathematics and a good selection of general math resources. Compiled by M. Maheswaran, University of Wisconsin Marathon County.
Math on the Web - Directory of mathematical sites.
Math-Net Links - A large collection of mathematical and related links.
MathGuide - Directory of on-line mathematics, mainly research literature. At Göttingen, Germany.
Mathematical Resources - A collection of links at CalTech.
Mathematical Resources on the Web - Compiled at the University of Florida.
Mathematics Resources on the Internet - Links by Bruno Kevius. General and by topic.
Mathematics Sources - A list maintained at U Penn.
Mathematics WWW Virtual Library - Directory of mathematical web sites, maintained at Florida State University.
Mathematics Websites - Popular directory of math web sites. At Penn State.
Online Resources for Mathematics - The Virtual Reference Desk for mathematics at the CERN Library (HEP Libraries Webzine, Issue 3, March 2001, Antonella De Robbio).
Platonic Realms Math Links Library - Annotated directory of mathematics sites on the Internet.
Russian Mathematical Database - Directory of Russian mathematical organizations, departments and mathematicians; publications; library catalogues; journals; projects.
The Math Forum Internet Mathematics Library - Database sorted by topic, type of media, and age level.
The Permutation Homepage - A ring of mathematical web pages.
UniversalClass - Listings of authors, experts, jobs, links, questions, requests and scholarships in mathematics.

Organizations

American Mathematical society - Founded to promote mathematical research and education through conferences, contests surveys, publications, employment services, scholarship programs, locating research funding, resources, and outreach. Includes program news and membership information.
International Mathematical Union (IMU) - Promotes international co-operation in Mathematics. Information about the Union and its executive committee, news bulletins and details of member countries.
Advanced Technology Council in Mathematics - Promotes technology for learning and research in mathematics, and dissemination of information. Meetings, publications, software.
African Mathematical Union (UMA) - African equivalent of the International Mathematical Union. Interim site with details of the Union's activities.
Association for Christians in the Mathematical Sciences - Promotes interaction among Christians in the mathematical sciences and encourages them to explore the relationship of their faith to their discipline. History, meetings, membership, online newsletter and resources.
Association for Women in Mathematics - A nonprofit organization dedicated to encouraging and promoting women and girls in the mathematical sciences including pure and applied mathematics and statistics. Site has newsletters, events and resources including job adverts.
Atlantic Provinces Council on the Sciences: Mathematics and Statistics Committee - An association to encourage and further research in all mathematical sciences, statistics and computer science, in the Atlantic region. Lists board of directors, programs past, present and future and e-mail contacts list.
Australian Mathematical Society (AustMS) - Founded to promote and extend of mathematical knowledge and its applications in Australia. The site contains information about the society, its publications and conferences.
Austrian Mathematical Society - The national mathematics society of Austria. Membership information and publications.
Belgian Mathematical Society (BMS) - National mathematics society. Includes staff, conference details and archived newsletters.
Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) - National mathematical society. General information, activities, membership and Camel accounts.
Canterbury Mathematical Association - New Zealand organisation to encourage and support the teaching and learning of Mathematics. Events and Cantmath competition news.
Chinese Mathematical Society - A professional society comprising thousands of members and publishing mathematical journals and book series.
Conference for African-American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences - CAARMS addresses critical issues involving African-American researchers and graduate students in the mathematical sciences.
Council for the Mathematical Sciences - A body representing the main UK mathematical societies.
Czech Mathematical Society - A section of the Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists. Organisation, contacts, documents, jobs meetings, resources. English/Czech site.
Danish Mathematical Society - Founded with the purpose of acting for the benefit of mathematics in research and education. Contact details, activities, members, archives, links and online membership form.
Edinburgh Mathematical Society (EMS) - Founded in 1883 for "the mutual improvement of its members in the Mathematical Sciences, pure and applied", it is the principal mathematical society for the university community in Scotland. Membership is drawn from all the Scottish universities and other educational institutions as well as from mathematicians in industry and commerce both at home and overseas.
Estonian Mathematical Society - National mathematical society. Contact information and list of members.
European Mathematical Society (EMS) - Aims to further the development of all aspects of mathematics in the countries of Europe and establish a sense of identity amongst European mathematicians. Includes electronic library, databases and details of activities.
European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics - Fosters collaborative work within the European research community and with European industry. Activities, publications, information and links.
European Women in Mathematics - An affiliation of women bound by a common interest in the position of women in mathematics. Encourages and supports women to take up and continue their studies and research in mathematics. Newsletter, meetings and links.
Finnish Mathematical Society - A society for professionals, appliers and students of mathematics. Includes background information, links and details of seminars.
Hong Kong Mathematical Society (HKMS) - Membership directory, meetings and the Hong Kong mathematicians directory.
International Association for Cryptologic Research - The IACR is dedicated to promoting research in Cryptology. They sponsor the Crypto, Eurocrypt, and Asiacrypt conferences, run workshops, and publish the Journal of Cryptology.
International Association for Statistical Computing - International organization concerned with the theory, methods and practice of statistical computing. Includes online newsletter and software archives.
International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education - Promotes international contacts and the exchange of scientific information in the psychology of mathematics education. Organization details, guidelines and latest news.
International Linear Algebra Society - Based in Israel, promotes international co-ordination to assist the development of theoretical matrix analysis and linear algebra. Includes details of the Hans Schneider Prize and Taussky-Todd Lecture.
International Society for Bayesian Analysis - Promotes the development and application of Bayesian statistical theory and methods useful in the solution of theoretical and applied problems in science, industry and government.
International Society for Mathematical and Computational Aesthetics - Detail and analysis on the development of CAD and other influences in contemporary design. A division of the International Society for Group Theory in Cognitive Science. Contact information.
International Society for the Arts, Mathematics, and Architecture - ISAMA furthers interdisciplinary education relating the arts, mathematics, and architecture. Links to resources in the three areas.
International Statistical Institute - Links to events and resources for statisticians, educators or anyone else interested in data analysis techniques.
Irish Mathematical Society - Aims to further mathematics and mathematical research in Ireland. Its membership is international, but it mainly represents mathematicians in universities and other third level institutes in Ireland. Bulletins, meetings, membership information, group rules and structure, employment opportunities, members-only area, and links to useful resources.
Israel Mathematical Union (IMU) - Professional association, with lists of members and upcoming lectures and colloquia.
Japanese Association of Mathematical Sciences - A scientific research organization whose main activity is to publish scientific journals in English, French or German.
János Bolyai Mathematical Society - (Hungarian Mathematical Society)
Korean Mathematical Society - The official academic society of Korean mathematicians. Details about the group, activities, publications, and membership.
London Mathematical Society (LMS) - Established in 1865 for the promotion and extension of mathematical knowledge. To this end the Society undertakes various publications and holds regular meetings, conferences and symposia. In spite of its name, the Society is not simply a London society. It is the major British learned society for Mathematics, with a nationwide membership. It also has several hundred overseas members.
Mathematical Association of America (MAA) - The world's largest organization devoted to the interests of collegiate mathematics.
Mathematical Association of Victoria - Australian non-profit association founded in 1906. Has members from various levels of mathematics teaching.
Mathematics Foundation of America - The purpose of MFOA is to ensure that the mathematically talented high school student receives mathematics education appropriate for a future mathematician by providing suitable summer programs and mentors.
Member and Associate Member Societies of the European Mathematical Society - Member list with contact information and links, if available.
Moscow Mathematical Society - The Legacy of A. N. Kolmogorov. April 25, 1903 - October 20, 1987. Addresses by Kolmogorov at meetings of the Moscow Mathematical Society.
National Association of Mathematicians - US. Aims to promote excellence in the mathematical sciences and the mathematical development of underrepresented American minorities.
New Zealand Mathematical Society - Conferences, notifications, affiliations, activities, membership details, and contact information.
Norwegian Mathematical Society - Contact details, online newsletter and information on the Abel symposia.
Resources of Scholarly Societies - Mathematics - Created by compilers at the University of Waterloo Library.
Singapore Mathematical Society - Events, programs, publications, news and announcements, and membership details.
South African Mathematical Society - Promotes quality learning, teaching, research, social applications, and promotion of math among the general public. Include mission statement, list of members, publications, and events.
South-East Asia Mathematical Society - Activities, committee, constitution and publications.
Swiss Mathematical Society - History of the group, affiliations, and publications.
The Mathematical Association - British mathematics teachers' association.
The Theta Foundation - A scientific and not-for-profit organisation, promoting mathematical knowledge, based in Romania.
UK Mathematics Trust - Organizes national mathematics competitions in the UK for 12-18 year old students. Entry forms and past papers.
Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists - One of the oldest European societies in mathematics and physics.
Web Math Collaboration (WMC) - A cooperative of mathematical web sites with similar goals and principles. Also, includes a discussion board, chat help, and formula tables.
Young Mathematicians Network (YMN) - A loose organization of mathematicians in the junior part of their careers. Newsletter and useful links.