Common blood tests and values

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Common blood tests and values

Blood tests show whether the levels of different substances in your blood fall within a normal range.

For many blood substances, the normal range is the range of levels seen in 95 percent of healthy people in a certain group. For many tests, normal ranges are different depending on your age, gender, race, and other factors.

Many factors can cause your blood test levels to fall outside the normal range. Abnormal levels may be a sign of a disorder or disease. Other factors—such as diet, menstrual cycle, how much physical activity you do, how much alcohol you drink, and the medicines you take (both prescription and over-the-counter)—also can cause abnormal levels.

Your doctor should discuss any unusual or abnormal blood test results with you. These results may or may not suggest a health problem.

Blood tests alone can't be used to diagnose many diseases or medical problems. However, blood tests can help you and your doctor learn more about your health. Blood tests also can help find potential problems early, when treatments or lifestyle changes may work best.

To get accurate readings, be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions in preparing for tests. You may, for example, be asked not to eat and to drink only water for anywhere from a few hours to 12 hours beforehand. Please follow these instructions, or your results may be skewed, requiring additional tests or even unnecessary medications

Blood tests, sometimes called blood panels, are one of a physician’s most basic tools. Not that long ago, doctors diagnosed patients through observation and the patients’ answers to questions. Today, we have a wide range of testing options to choose from, with blood tests being among the most basic.

Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of the nutrients and waste products in your body as well as how various organs (e.g., kidneys and liver) are functioning. Below, I’ve explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health.

During a physical examination, your doctor will often draw blood for chemistry and complete blood count (CBC) tests as well as a lipid profile, which measures cholesterol and related elements. Here is a brief explanation of the abbreviations used in measurements followed by descriptions of several common test components.

Deciphering Blood Test Measurements

Blood tests use the metric measurement system and abbreviations such as the following:

•	cmm	cells per cubic millimeter
•	fL (femtoliter)	fraction of one-millionth of a liter
•	g/dL	grams per deciliter
•	IU/L	international units per liter
•	mEq/L	milliequivalent per liter
•	mg/dL	milligrams per deciliter
•	mL	milliliter
•	mmol/L	millimoles per liter
•	ng/mL	nanograms per milliliter
•	pg (picograms)	one-trillionth of a gram

CHEMISTRY PANEL (or METABOLIC PANEL)

ALT (alanine aminotransferase):

Healthy range: 8 to 37 IU/L

This test looks at levels of the liver enzyme ALT. When all’s well with your liver, your score on this test should be within range. Anything higher may indicate liver damage.

Albumin:

Healthy range: 3.9 to 5.0 g/dL

A protein made by the liver, albumin levels can be an indicator of liver or kidney problems.

A/G ratio (albumin/globulin ratio) or total protein test:

Healthy ratio: a bit over 1, favoring albumin

There are two types of protein your blood — albumin (see above) and globulin. The A/G ratio test compares levels of these proteins with one another. Elevated protein levels could indicate a health condition in need of attention.

Alkaline phosphatase:

Healthy range: 44 to 147 IU/L

This enzyme is involved in both liver and bone, so elevations may indicate problems with the liver or bone-related disease.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase):

Healthy range: 10 to 34 IU/L

This enzyme is found in heart and liver tissue, so elevations suggest problems may be occurring in one or both of those areas.

Bilirubin:

Healthy range: 0.1 to 1.9 mg/dL

This provides information about liver and kidney functions, problems in bile ducts, and anemia.

BUN (blood urea nitrogen):

Healthy range: 10 to 20 mg/dL

This is another measure of kidney and liver functions. High values may indicate a problem with kidney function. A number of medications and a diet high in protein can also raise BUN levels.

BUN/creatinine ratio:

Healthy ratio of BUN to creatinine: 10:1 to 20:1 (men and older individuals may be a bit higher)

This test shows if kidneys are eliminating waste properly. High levels of creatinine, a by-product of muscle contractions, are excreted through the kidneys and suggest reduced kidney function.

Calcium:

Healthy range: 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL (the elderly typically score a bit lower)

Too much calcium in the bloodstream could indicate kidney problems; overly active thyroid or parathyroid glands; certain types of cancer, including lymphoma; problems with the pancreas; or a deficiency of vitamin D.

Chloride:

Healthy range: 98 to 106 mEq/L

This mineral is often measured as part of an electrolyte panel. A high-salt diet and/or certain medications are often responsible for elevations in chloride. Excess chloride may indicate an overly acidic environment in the body. It also could be a red flag for dehydration, multiple myeloma, kidney disorders, or adrenal gland dysfunction.

Creatinine:

Healthy range: 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women; 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL for men (the elderly may be slightly lower)

The kidneys process this waste product, so elevations could indicate a problem with kidney function.

Fasting glucose (blood sugar):

Healthy range: 70 to 99 mg/dL for the average adult (the elderly tend to score higher even when they are healthy)

Blood sugar levels can be affected by food or beverages you have ingested recently, your current stress levels, medications you may be taking, and the time of day. The fasting blood sugar test is done after at least 6 hours without food or drink other than water.

Phosphorus:

Healthy range: 2.4 to 4.1 mg/dL

Phosphorus plays an important role in bone health and is related to calcium levels. Too much phosphorus could indicate a problem with kidneys or the parathyroid gland. Alcohol abuse, long-term antacid use, excessive intake of diuretics or vitamin D, and malnutrition can also elevate phosphorus levels.

Potassium:

Healthy range: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L

This mineral is essential for relaying nerve impulses, maintaining proper muscle functions, and regulating heartbeats. Diuretics, drugs that are often taken for high blood pressure, can cause low levels of potassium.

Sodium:

Healthy range: 135 to 145 mEq/L

Another member of the electrolyte family, the mineral sodium helps your body balance water levels and helps with nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Irregularities in sodium levels may indicate dehydration; disorders of the adrenal glands; excessive intake of salt, corticosteroids, or pain-relieving medications; or problems with the liver or kidneys.

( Courtesy: http://www.newportnaturalhealth.com/ )

--------------------

Result Ranges for Common Blood Tests

This section presents the result ranges for some of the most common blood tests.

NOTE: All values in this section are for adults only. They don't apply to children. Talk to your child's doctor about values on blood tests for children.

Complete Blood Count ( CBC)

The table below shows some normal ranges for different parts of the complete blood count (CBC). Some of the normal ranges are different for men and women. Other factors, such as age and race, also may affect normal ranges.

Your doctor should discuss your results with you. He or she will advise you further if your results are outside the normal range for your group.

Test	Normal Range Results*
Red blood cell (varies with altitude)	Male: 5 to 6 million cells/mcL Female: 4 to 5 million cells/mcL
White blood cell	4,500 to 10,000 cells/mcL
Platelets	140,000 to 450,000 cells/mcL
Hemoglobin (varies with altitude)	Male: 14 to 17 gm/dL Female: 12 to 15 gm/dL
Hematocrit (varies with altitude)	Male: 41% to 50% Female: 36% to 44%
Mean corpuscular volume	80 to 95 femtoliter

* Cells/mcL = cells per microliter; gm/dL = grams per deciliter

Blood Glucose

This table shows the ranges for blood glucose levels after 8 to 12 hours of fasting (not eating). It shows the normal range and the abnormal ranges that are a sign of prediabetes or diabetes.

Plasma Glucose Results (mg/dL)*	Diagnosis
99 and below	Normal
100 to 125	Prediabetes
126 and above	Diabetes^†

* mg/dL = milligrams per deciliter.
^† The test is repeated on another day to confirm the results.

Lipoprotein Panel

The table below shows ranges for total cholesterol, LDL ("bad") cholesterol, and HDL ("good") cholesterol levels after 9 to 12 hours of fasting. High blood cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Your doctor should discuss your results with you. He or she will advise you further if your results are outside the desirable range.

Total Cholesterol Level	Total Cholesterol Category
Less than 200 mg/dL	Desirable
200–239 mg/dL	Borderline high
240 mg/dL and above	High

LDL Cholesterol Level	LDL Cholesterol Category
Less than 100 mg/dL	Optimal
100–129 mg/dL	Near optimal/above optimal
130–159 mg/dL	Borderline high
160–189 mg/dL	High
190 mg/dL and above	Very high

HDL Cholesterol Level	HDL Cholesterol Category
Less than 40 mg/dL	A major risk factor for heart disease
40–59 mg/dL	The higher, the better
60 mg/dL and above	Considered protective against heart disease

( Courtesy: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ )

Thyroid:

While not part of the standard blood panel, I often order thyroid tests for my patients, especially if they report fatigue and weight gain, or weight loss and feelings of nervousness or hyperactivity. Some physicians dismiss borderline low or high tests, but I’ve found that these can be very helpful for identifying problems with the thyroid gland. Here are the ranges I look for in thyroid tests:

	Test	Normal Range
•	Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)	0.3 to 3
•	Total T4 (total thyroxine)	4.5 to 12.5
•	Free T4 (free thyroxine)	0.7 to 2.0
•	Total T3 (total triiodothyronine)	80 to 220
•	Free T3 (free triiodothyronine)	2.3 to 4.2

If your test shows you are below the minimum numbers, you may be suffering from hypothyroidism, or low thyroid. If your scores are above the normal range, you may have an overly active thyroid, or hyperthyroidism. In either case, your physician can advise you on appropriate medication. You may also want to read my earlier newsletter on thyroid issues.

Vitamin D: Normal range: 30 to 74 ng/mL

Regular readers know I often recommend supplemental vitamin D, since deficiencies are very common. Too little vitamin D can put you at risk for broken bones, heart disease, cancer, and a host of other ailments. Our bodies can make vitamin D, but only when bare skin, free of sunblock and lotions, is exposed to sunlight. And even then, people of color and older individuals may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities for optimal health. The best way to determine if you need supplements is to have a vitamin D test, known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Here again, doctors don’t always agree on how to interpret the results. My own preference is to see readings in the normal range.

More Tests & ranges for blood tests

Units

Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.^[2]
International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.^[3]
Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.

Ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metals

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Sodium (Na)	135,^[6] 137^[7]^[3]	145,^[7]^[3] 147^[6]	mmol/L or mEq/L^[6]
Sodium (Na)	310,^[8] 320^[8]	330,^[8] 340^[8]	mg/dl
Potassium (K)	3.5,^[6]^[3] 3.6^[7]	5.0,^[6]^[7]^[3] 5.1	mmol/L or mEq/L^[6]	See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
Potassium (K)	14^[9]	20^[9]	mg/dl
Chloride (Cl)	95,^[6] 98,^[10] 100^[3]	105,^[6] 106,^[10] 110^[3]	mmol/L or mEq/L^[6]
Chloride (Cl)	340^[11]	370^[11]	mg/dl
Ionized calcium (Ca)	1.03,^[12] 1.10^[3]	1.23,^[12] 1.30^[3]	mmol/L
Ionized calcium (Ca)	4.1,^[13] 4.4^[13]	4.9,^[13] 5.2^[13]	mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)	2.1,^[6]^[14] 2.2^[3]	2.5,^[14]^[3] 2.6,^[14] 2.8^[6]	mmol/L
Total calcium (Ca)	8.4,^[6] 8.5^[15]	10.2,^[6] 10.5^[15]	mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) - male	65,^[16] 76^[7]	176,^[16] 198^[7]	µg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) - male	11.6,^[17]^[18] 13.6^[18]	30,^[17] 32,^[18] 35^[18]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) - female	26,^[7] 50^[16]	170^[7]^[16]	µg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) - female	4.6,^[18] 8.9^[17]	30.4^[17]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) - newborns	100^[16]	250^[16]	µg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) - newborns	18^[18]	45^[18]	µmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) - children	50^[16]	120^[16]	µg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) - children	9^[18]	21^[18]	µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)	240,^[16] 262^[7]	450,^[16] 474^[7]	μg/dL
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)	43,^[18] 47^[18]	81,^[18] 85^[18]	µmol/L
Transferrin	190,^[19] 194,^[3] 204^[7]	326,^[3] 330,^[19] 360^[7]	mg/dL
Transferrin	25^[20]	45^[20]	μmol/L
Transferrin saturation	20^[16]	50^[16]	%
Ferritin - Male	12^[21]	300^[21]	ng/mL
Ferritin - Male	27^[22]	670^[22]	pmol/L
Ferritin - Female	12^[21]	150^[21]	ng/mL
Ferritin - Female	27^[22]	330^[22]	pmol/L
Ammonia	10,^[23] 20^[24]	35,^[23] 65^[24]	μmol/L
Ammonia	17,^[25] 34^[25]	60,^[25] 110^[25]	μg/dL
Copper	70^[15]	150^[15]	µg/dL
Copper	11^[26]	24^[26]	μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin	15^[15]	60^[15]	mg/dL
Ceruloplasmin	1^[27]	4^[27]	μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO₄²⁻)	0.8	1.5^[28]	mmol/L
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)	1.0^[6]	1.5^[6]	mmol/L
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)	3.0^[6]	4.5^[6]	mg/dL
Copper (Cu)	11^[29]	24	μmol/L
Zinc (Zn)	60,^[30] 72^[31]	110,^[31] 130^[30]	μg/dL
Zinc (Zn)	9.2,^[32] 11^[3]	17,^[3] 20^[32]	µmol/L
Magnesium	1.5,^[15] 1.7^[33]	2.0,^[15] 2.3^[33]	mEq/L or mg/dL
Magnesium	0.6,^[34] 0.7^[3]	0.82,^[34] 0.95^[3]	mmol/L

Acid-base and blood gases

Further information: Acid-base homeostasis

Further information: Arterial blood gas

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.

Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.^[4] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.^[35]

Test	Arterial/Venous	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
pH	Arterial	7.34,^[7] 7.35^[6]	7.44,^[7] 7.45^[6]
pH	Venous	7.31^[36]	7.41^[36]
[H⁺]	Arterial	36^[6]	44^[6]	nmol/L
[H⁺]	Arterial	3.6^[37]	4.4^[37]	ng/dL
Base excess	Arterial & venous^[36]	-3^[36]	+3^[36]	mEq/L
oxygen partial pressure (pO₂)	Arterial pO₂	10,^[6] 11^[38]	13,^[38] 14^[6]	kPa
	Arterial pO₂	75,^[6]^[7] 83^[15]	100,^[7] 105^[6]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	4.0^[38]	5.3^[38]	kPa
	Venous	30^[36]	40^[36]	mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation	Arterial	94,^[36] 95,^[10] 96^[15]	100^[10]^[15]	%
Oxygen saturation	Venous	Approximately 75^[10]		%
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO₂)	Arterial P_aCO₂	4.4,^[6] 4.7^[38]	5.9,^[6] 6.0^[38]	kPa
	Arterial P_aCO₂	33,^[6] 35^[7]	44,^[6] 45^[7]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	5.5^[38]	6.8^[38]	kPa
	Venous	41^[36]	51^[36]	mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO₂)	Arterial	23^[36]	30^[36]	mmol/L
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO₂)	Arterial	100^[39]	132^[39]	mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-)	Arterial & venous	18^[15]	23^[15]	mmol/L
Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-)	Arterial & venous	110^[40]	140^[40]	mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBC_e)	Arterial & venous	21, 22^[6]	27, 28^[6]	mmol/L or mEq/L^[6]
Standard bicarbonate (SBC_e)	Arterial & venous	134^[40]	170^[40]	mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Total Protein		60,^[6] 63^[7]	78,^[6] 82,^[7] 84^[15]	g/L	see hypoproteinemia
Albumin		35^[6]^[41]	48,^[7] 55^[6]	g/L	see hypoalbuminemia
		3.5^[7]	4.8,^[7] 5.5^[6]	U/L
		540^[42]	740^[42]	μmol/L
Globulins		23^[6]	35^[6]	g/L
Total Bilirubin		1.7,^[43] 2,^[6] 3.4,^[43] 5^[3]	17,^[6]^[43] 22,^[43] 25^[3]	μmol/L
Total Bilirubin		0.1,^[6] 0.2,^[7] 0.29^[44]	1.0,^[6]^[15] 1.3,^[7] 1.4^[44]	mg/dL
Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin		0.0^[6] or N/A^[3]	5,^[6] 7^[43]^[3]	μmol/L
Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin		0^[6]^[7]	0.3,^[6]^[7] 0.4^[15]	mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT^[3])		5,^[45] 7,^[7] 8^[6]	20,^[6] 21,^[10] 56^[7]	U/L	Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
	Female	0.15^[3]	0.75^[3]	µkat/L
	Male	0.15^[3]	1.1^[3]	µkat/L
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT^[3])	Female	6^[46]	34^[46]	IU/L	Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
	Female	0.25^[3]	0.60^[3]	µkat/L
	Male	8^[46]	40^[46]	IU/L
	Male	0.25^[3]	0.75^[3]	µkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	Female	42^[45]	98^[45]	U/L
	Male	53^[45]	128^[45]	U/L
	(Enzyme activity)	0.6^[3]	1.8^[3]	µkat/L
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)		5,^[45] 8^[7]	40,^[45] 78^[7]	U/L
	Women		0.63^[47]	µkat/L
	Men		0.92^[47]	µkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Creatine kinase (CK)	male	24,^[48] 38,^[7] 60^[45]	174,^[15] 320^[45]	U/L or ng/mL
	male	0.42^[49]	1.5^[49]	µkat/L
	female	24,^[48] 38,^[7] 96^[15]	140,^[15] 200^[45]	U/L or ng/mL
	female	0.17^[49]	1.17^[49]	µkat/L
CK-MB		0	3,^[7] 3.8,^[3] 5^[45]	ng/mL or μg/L^[3]
Myoglobin	Female	1^[50]	66^[50]	ng/mL or µg/L
Myoglobin	Male	17^[50]	106^[50]	ng/mL or µg/L

Cutoffs and ranges for troponin types, 12 hrs after onset of pain
Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Troponin-I		0.2^[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Upper limit of normal
	0.2^[51]	1.0^[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Acute Coronary Syndrome
	0.4^[52]	2.0^[52]	ng/mL or μg/L	Moderately increased^[52]
	1.0,^[51] 1.5^[53]	n/a^[51]^[53]	ng/mL or μg/L	Myocardial Infarction likely
Troponin-T		0.02^[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Upper limit of normal
	0.02^[51]	0.10^[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Acute Coronary Syndrome
	0.10^[51]	n/a^[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Myocardial Infarction likely

Interpretation	Range / Cutoff
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) -more detailed ranges in BNP article
Congestive heart failure unlikely	< 100 pg/mL^[54]^[55]
"Gray zone"	100-500 pg/mL^[54]^[55]
Congestive heart failure likely	>500 pg/mL^[54]^[55]

Interpretation	Age	Cutoff
NT-proBNP -more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article
Congestive heart failure likely	< 75years	> 125 pg/mL^[49]
Congestive heart failure likely	>75 years	>450pg/mL^[49]

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Therapeutic target
Triglycerides	10 – 39 years	54^[15]	110^[15]	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL^[56] or 1.1^[56] mmol/L
	10 – 39 years	0.61^[57]	1.2^[57]	mmol/L
	40 – 59 years	70^[15]	150^[15]	mg/dL
	40 – 59 years	0.77^[57]	1.7^[57]	mmol/L
	> 60 years	80^[15]	150^[15]	mg/dL
	> 60 years	0.9^[57]	1.7^[57]	mmol/L
Total cholesterol		3.0,^[58] 3.6^[6]^[58]	5.0,^[3]^[59] 6.5^[6]	mmol/L	< 3.9^[56]
Total cholesterol		120,^[7] 140^[6]	200,^[7] 250^[6]	mg/dL	< 150^[56]
HDL cholesterol	female	1.0,^[60] 1.2,^[3] 1.3^[58]	2.2^[60]	mmol/L	> 1.0^[60] or 1.6^[58] mmol/L > 40^[61] or 60^[62] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol	female	40,^[61] 50^[63]	86^[61]	mg/dL
HDL cholesterol	male	0.9^[60]^[3]	2.0^[60]	mmol/L
HDL cholesterol	male	35^[61]	80^[61]	mg/dL
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		2.0,^[60] 2.4^[59]	3.0,^[59]^[3] 3.4^[60]	mmol/L	< 2.5^[60]
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		80,^[61] 94^[61]	120,^[61] 130^[61]	mg/dL	< 100^[61]
LDL/HDL quotient		n/a	5^[3]	(unitless)

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers

Test	Cutoff	Unit	Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)	44^[7]	ng/mL or µg/L
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)	5^[7]	IU/l or mU/ml	in male and non-pregnant female
CA19-9	40^[7]	U/ml
CA-125	30,^[64] 35^[65]	kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 50 years	3.4,^[3] 3.6^[66]	μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 70 years	4.1^[66]	μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers	5^[67]	μg/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	2.5,^[3] 4^[7]	μg/L^[7]^[3] or ng/mL^[15]	below age 45 <2.5 μg/L
PAP	3^[15]	units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin -more detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article	5,^[68] 15^[68]	ng/L or pg/mL	Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer^[68]

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Thyroid function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)	Adults - standard range	0.3,^[3] 0.4,^[7] 0.5,^[15] 0.6^[69]	4.0,^[3] 4.5,^[7] 6.0^[15]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Adults - optimal range	0.3,^[70] 0.5^[71]	2.0,^[71] 3.0^[70]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Infants	1.3^[72]	19^[72]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article	Normal adult	0.7,^[73] 0.8^[7]	1.4,^[73] 1.5,^[7] 1.8^[74]	ng/dL
	Normal adult	9,^[75]^[3] 10,^[76] 12^[77]	18,^[3]^[75] 23^[77]	pmol/L
	Child/Adolescent 31 d - 18 y	0.8^[73]	2.0^[73]	ng/dL
	Child/Adolescent 31 d - 18 y	10^[75]	26^[75]	pmol/L
	Pregnant	0.5^[73]	1.0^[73]	ng/dL
	Pregnant	6.5^[75]	13^[75]	pmol/L
Total thyroxine		4,^[76] 5.5^[7]	11,^[76] 12.3^[7]	μg/dL
Total thyroxine		60^[76]^[77]	140,^[76] 160^[77]	nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)	Normal adult	0.2^[76]	0.5^[76]	ng/dL
	Normal adult	3.1^[78]	7.7^[78]	pmol/L
	Children 2-16 y	0.1^[79]	0.6^[79]	ng/dL
	Children 2-16 y	1.5^[78]	9.2^[78]	pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine		60,^[7] 75^[76]	175,^[76] 181^[7]	ng/dL
Total triiodothyronine		0.9,^[3] 1.1^[76]	2.5,^[3] 2.7^[76]	nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)		12^[7]	30^[7]	mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)		1.5^[76]	30^[76]	pmol/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)		1^[76]	20^[76]	μg/L

Sex hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Dihydrotestosterone	adult male	30^[81]	85^[81]	ng/dL
Testosterone	Male, overall	8,^[82] 10^[83]	27,^[82] 35^[83]	nmol/L
	Male, overall	230,^[84] 300^[85]	780^[84] - 1000^[85]	ng/dL
	Male < 50 years	10^[3]	45^[3]	nmol/L
	Male < 50 years	290^[84]	1300^[84]	ng/dL
	Male > 50 years	6.2^[3]	26^[3]	nmol/L
	Male > 50 years	180^[84]	740^[84]	ng/dL
	Female	0.7^[83]	2.8^[83] - 3.0^[3]	nmol/L
	Female	20^[85]	80^[85] - 85^[84]	ng/dL
17-Hydroxyprogesterone	male	0.06^[15]	3.0^[15]	mg/L
	male	0.18^[86]	9.1^[86]	µmol/l
	Female (Follicular phase)	0.2^[15]	1.0^[15]	mg/L
	Female (Follicular phase)	0.6^[86]	3.0^[86]	µmol/l
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram	Prepubertal	<1^[87]	3^[87]	IU/L
	Adult male	1^[87]	8^[87]
	Adult female (follicular and luteal phase)	1^[87]	11^[87]
	Adult female (Ovulation)	6^[87] 95% PI (standard)	26^[87] 95% PI)
	Adult female (Ovulation)	5^[88] 90% PI (used in diagram)	15^[88] (90% PI)
	Post-menopausal female	30^[87]	118^[87]
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram	Female, peak	20^[88] 90% PI (used in diagram)	75^[88] (90% PI)	IU/L
	Female, post-menopausal	15^[89]	60^[89]
	Male aged 18+	2^[90]	9^[90]
Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article	Adult male	50^[91]	200^[91]	pmol/L
	Adult male	14^[92]	55^[92]	pg/mL
	Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase)	70^[91]	500,^[91] 600^[91]	pmol/L
	Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase)	19^[92]	140,^[92] 160^[92]	pg/mL
	Adult female - free (not protein bound)	0.5^[93]	9^[93]	pg/mL
	Adult female - free (not protein bound)	1.7^[93]	33^[93]	pmol/L
	Post-menopausal female	N/A^[91]	< 130^[91]	pmol/L
	Post-menopausal female	N/A^[92]	< 35^[92]	pg/mL
Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article	Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23)	17,^[88] 35^[94]	92^[94]	nmol/L
Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article	Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23)	6,^[88] 11^[95]	29^[95]	ng/mL
Androstenedione	Adult male and female	60^[89]	270^[89]	ng/dL
	Post-menopausal female		< 180^[89]
	Prepubertal		< 60^[89]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate -more detailed ranges in DHEA-S article	Adult male and female	30^[96]	400^[96]	µg/dL
SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article	Adult female	40^[97]	120^[97]	nmol/L
SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article	Adult male	20^[97]	60^[97]	nmol/L
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) -more detailed ranges in AMH article	13–45 years	0.7^[98]	20^[98]	ng/mL

[edit] Other hormones

Further information: Hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		4.4^[99]	18,^[100] 22^[99]	pmol/L
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		20^[7]	80,^[101] 100^[7]	pg/mL
Cortisol	09:00 am	140^[102]	700^[102]	nmol/L
	09:00 am	5^[103]	25^[103]	μg/dL
	Midnight	80^[102]	350^[102]	nmol/L
	Midnight	2.9^[103]	13^[103]	μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)		0	5^[6]	ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)		7^[6]	n/a	ng/mL
IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article	Female, 20 yrs	110^[104]	420^[104]	ng/mL
	Female, 75 yrs	55^[104]	220^[104]
	Male, 20 yrs	160^[104]	390^[104]
	Male, 75 yrs	48^[104]	200^[104]
Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article	Female	71,^[105] 105^[105]	348,^[105] 548^[105]	mIU/L
	Female	3.4,^[105] 3.9^[105]	16.4,^[105] 20.3^[105]	µg/L
	Male	58,^[105] 89^[105]	277,^[105] 365^[105]	mIU/L
	Male	2.7,^[105] 3.3^[105]	13.0,^[105] 13.5^[105]	µg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		10,^[106] 17^[107]	65,^[106] 70^[107]	pg/mL
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		1.1,^[3] 1.8^[108]	6.9,^[3] 7.5^[108]	pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) -Standard reference range		8,^[15]^[109] 9^[109]	40,^[109] 80^[15]	ng/mL
		20,^[110] 23^[111]	95,^[111] 150^[110]	nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol -Therapeutic target range		30,^[112] 40^[113]	65,^[113] 100^[112]	ng/mL
25-hydroxycholecalciferol -Therapeutic target range		85,^[56] 100^[113]	120,^[56] 160^[113]	nmol/L
Plasma renin activity		0.29,^[114] 1.9^[115]	3.7^[114]^[115]	ng/(mL*hour)
Plasma renin activity		3.3,^[116] 21^[117]	41^[116]^[117]	mcU/mL
Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article	Adult		19,^[116] 34.0^[116]	ng/dL
Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article	Adult		530,^[118] 940^[118]	pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article	Adult		13.1,^[119] 35.0^[119]	ng/dl per ng/(mL·h)
	Adult		360,^[119] 970^[119]	pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)

[edit] Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B₁₂)-related enzyme homocysteine.

Test	Patient type	Standard range		Unit	Optimal range
Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Lower limit	Upper limit
Vitamin A		30^[15]	65^[15]	µg/dL
Vitamin B₉ (Folic acid/Folate) - Serum	Age > 1year	3.0^[120]	16^[120]	ng/mL or μg/L	5^[121]
Vitamin B₉ (Folic acid/Folate) - Serum	Age > 1year	6.8^[122]	36^[122]	nmol/l	11^[122]
Vitamin B₉ (Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cells		200^[120]	600^[120]	ng/mL or μg/L
		450^[122]	1400^[122]	nmol/L
	Pregnant			ng/mL or μg/L	400^[120]
	Pregnant			nmol/L	900^[120]
Vitamin B₁₂ (Cobalamin)		130,^[123] 160^[124]	700,^[123] 950^[124]	ng/L
Vitamin B₁₂ (Cobalamin)		100,^[125] 120^[3]	520,^[125] 700^[3]	pmol/L
Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article		3.3,^[126] 5.9^[126]	7.2,^[126] 15.3^[126]	μmol/L		6.3^[56]
Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article		45,^[127] 80^[127]	100,^[127] 210^[127]	μg/dL		85^[56]
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		0.4^[15]	1.5^[15]	mg/dL	0.9^[56]
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		23^[128]	85^[128]	μmol/L	50^[56]
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		8,^[15]^[109] 9^[109]	40,^[109] 80^[15]	ng/mL	30,^[112] 40^[113]	65,^[113] 100^[112]
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		20,^[110] 23^[111]	95,^[111] 150^[110]	nmol/L	85,^[56] 100^[113]	120,^[56] 160^[113]
Vitamin E				μmol/L	28^[56]
Vitamin E				mg/dL	1.2^[56]

[edit] Toxins

Test	Limit type	Limit	Unit
Lead	Optimal health range	< 20^[10] or 40^[15]	µg/dL
Blood ethanol content	Limit for drunk driving	0,^[129] 0.2,^[129] 0.8^[129]	‰ or g/L
Blood ethanol content	Limit for drunk driving	17.4^[130]	mmol/L

[edit] Hematology

[edit] Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb)	male	2.0,^[131] 2.1^[6]	2.5,^[131] 2.7^[6]	mmol/L	Higher in neonates, lower in children.
	male	130,^[3] 132,^[7] 135^[6]	162,^[7] 170,^[3] 175^[6]	g/L	Higher in neonates, lower in children.
	female	1.8,^[131] 1.9^[6]	2.3,^[131] 2.5^[6]^[131]	mmol/L	Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
	female	120^[3]^[6]^[7]	150,^[3] 152,^[7] 160^[6]^[15]	g/L	Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
Hemoglobin in plasma		0.16^[6]	0.62^[6]	μmol/L	Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
Hemoglobin in plasma		1	4	mg/dL	Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb_A1c)	< 50 years	3.6^[3]	5.0^[3]	% of Hb
Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb_A1c)	> 50 years	3.9^[3]	5.3^[3]	% of Hb
Haptoglobin	< 50 years	0.35^[3]	1.9^[3]	g/L
Haptoglobin	> 50 years	0.47^[3]	2.1^[3]	g/L
Hematocrit (Hct)	male	0.39,^[3] 0.4,^[7] 0.41,^[6] 0.45^[15]	0.50,^[3] 0.52,^[7] 0.53,^[6] 0.62^[15]
	female	0.35,^[3] 0.36,^[6] 0.37^[7]^[15]	0.46,^[6]^[7]^[3] 0.48^[15]
	Child	0.31^[7]	0.43^[7]
Mean cell volume (MCV)	Male	76,^[15] 82^[7]	100,^[15] 102^[7]	fL	Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Mean cell volume (MCV)	Female	78^[7]	101^[7]	fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)		11.5^[7]	14.5^[7]	%
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		0.39^[6]	0.54^[6]	fmol/cell
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		25,^[6] 27^[15]^[3]	32,^[15] 33,^[3] 35^[6]	pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		31,^[7] 32^[15]^[3]	35,^[7] 36^[15]^[3]	g/dL or %^{[note 1]}
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		4.8,^[132] 5.0^[132]	5.4,^[132] 5.6^[132]	mmol/L
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)	male	4.2,^[15] 4.3^[6]^[7]^[3]	5.7,^[3] 5.9,^[6] 6.2,^[7] 6.9^[15]	x10¹²/L or mln/mm³
	Female	3.5,^[6] 3.8,^[7] 3.9^[3]	5.1,^[3] 5.5^[6]^[7]
	Infant/Child	3.8^[7]	5.5^[7]
Reticulocytes	Adult	26^[3]	130^[3]	x10⁹/L
	Adult	0.5^[6]^[7]	1.5^[6]^[7]	% of RBC
	Newborn	1.1^[7]	4.5^[7]	% of RBC
	Infant	0.5^[7]	3.1^[7]	% of RBC

[edit] White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)	Adult	3.5,^[3] 3.9,^[133] 4.1,^[7] 4.5^[6]	9.0,^[3] 10.0,^[133] 10.9,^[7] 11^[6]	x10⁹/L x10³/mm³ or x10³/μL
	Newborn	9^[134]	30^[134]
	1 year old	6^[134]	18^[134]
Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)	Adult	1.3,^[3] 1.8,^[133] 2^[134]	5.4,^[3] 7,^[133] 8^[134]	x10⁹/L
	Adult	45-54^[6]	62,^[6] 74	% of WBC
	Newborn	6^[134]	26^[134]	x10⁹/L
Neutrophilic band forms	Adult		0.7^[134]	x10⁹/L
Neutrophilic band forms	Adult	3^[6]	5^[6]	% of WBC
Lymphocytes	Adult	0.7,^[3] 1.0^[133]^[134]	3.5,^[133] 3.9,^[3] 4.8^[134]	x10⁹/L
	Adult	16-25^[6]	33,^[6] 45	% of WBC
	Newborn	2^[134]	11^[134]	x10⁹/L
Monocytes	Adult	0.1,^[3] 0.2^[135]^[123]	0.8^[123]^[134]^[3]	x10⁹/L
	Adult	3,^[6] 4.0	7,^[6] 10	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.4^[134]	3.1^[134]	x10⁹/L
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes)	Adult	1.5	5	x10⁹/L
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes)	Adult	20	35	% of WBC
CD4+ cells	Adult	0.4,^[7] 0.5^[10]	1.5,^[10] 1.8^[7]	x10⁹/L
Eosinophil granulocytes	Adult	0.0,^[3] 0.04^[123]	0.44,^[123] 0.45,^[134] 0.5^[3]	x10⁹/L
	Adult	1^[6]	3,^[6] 7	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.02^[134]	0.85^[134]	x10⁹/L
Basophil granulocytes	Adult	40^[133]	100,^[123]^[3] 200,^[134] 900^[133]	x10⁶/L
	Adult	0.0	0.75,^[6] 2	% of WBC
	Newborn		0.64^[134]	x10⁹/L

[edit] Coagulation

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)	140,^[7] 150^[6]^[3]	350,^[15]^[3] 400,^[6] 450^[7]	x10⁹/L or x1000/µL
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	7.4^[136]	10.4^[136]	fL
Prothrombin time (PT)	10,^[10] 11,^[6]^[137] 12^[7]	13,^[10] 13.5,^[137] 14,^[7] 15^[6]	s	PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR	0.9^[3]	1.2^[3]		The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)	18,^[7] 30^[10]^[3]	28,^[7] 42,^[3] 45^[10]	s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)	11	18	s
Fibrinogen	1.7,^[7] 2.0^[3]	3.6,^[3] 4.2^[7]	g/L
Antithrombin	0.80^[3]	1.2^[3]	kIU/L
Bleeding time	2	9	minutes
Viscosity	1.5^[138]	1.72^[138]	cP

[edit] Immunology

[edit] Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Male	0	Age÷2^[139]	mm/hr	ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.^[140]
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Female	0	(Age+10)÷2^[139]	mm/hr
C-reactive protein (CRP)	n/a		5,^[141]^[3] 6^[142]	mg/L
C-reactive protein (CRP)	n/a		200,^[143] 240^[143]	nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		20,^[144] 22^[145]	38,^[145] 53^[144]	μmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		89,^[146] 97^[3]	170,^[3] 230^[146]	mg/dL

[edit] Isotypes of antibodies

Further information: Antibody

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
IgA	Adult	70,^[3] 110^[147]	360,^[3] 560^[147]	mg/dL
IgD		0.5^[147]	3.0^[147]
IgE		0.01^[147]	0.04^[147]
IgG		800^[147]	1800^[147]
IgM		54^[147]	220^[147]

[edit] Autoantibodies

For clinical associations, see Autoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values^[148] are given for the ELISA test.

Test	Negative	Equivocal	Positive	Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro)	< 15^[149]	15-25^[149]	> 25^[149]	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
anti-SS-B (La)	< 3^[149]	3 – 4^[149]	> 4^[149]
Anti ds-DNA	< 40^[149]	40 – 60^[149]	> 60^[149]
Anti ss-DNA	< 8^[149]	8 - 10^[149]	> 10^[149]
Anti-histone antibodies	< 25^[149]	n/a^[149]	> 25^[149]
Cytoplasmic/classical anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)	< 20^[149]	21 - 30^[149]	> 30^[149]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)	< 5^[149]	n/a	> 5^[149]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)	< 10^[149]	n/a^[149]	> 10^[149]
Rheumatoid factor (RF)	< 20	20 - 30	> 30^[7]
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers			> 100
ASOT at school age			> 250^[7]
ASOT in adults			> 125^[7]

Test	Negative	Low/weak positive	Moderate positive	High/strong positive	Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG	< 20^[149]	20 –30^[149]	31 – 50^[149]	> 51^[149]	GPLU/ml^[149]
Anti-phospholipid IgM	< 1.5^[149]	1.5 –2.5^[149]	2 – 9.9^[149]	> 10^[149]	MPL /ml^[149]
Anti-phospholipid IgA	< 10^[149]	10 -20^[149]	21 – 30^[149]	> 31^[149]	arb U/ml^[149]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies	< 20^[149]	20 – 39^[149]	40 - 59^[149]	> 60^[149]	EU^[149]

[edit] Other enzymes and proteins

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	50^[15]	150^[15]	U/L
	0.4^[45]	1.7^[45]	μmol/L
	1.8^[3]	3.4^[3]	µkat/L	< 70 years old^[3]
Amylase	25,^[6] 30,^[7] 53^[15]	110,^[7] 120,^[150] 123,^[15] 125,^[6] 190^[45]	U/L
	0.15^[3]	1.1^[3]	µkat/L
	200^[143]	240^[143]	nmol/L
D-dimer	n/a	500^[151]	ng/mL	Higher in pregnant women^[152]
D-dimer	n/a	0.5^[3]	mg/L	Higher in pregnant women^[152]
Lipase	7,^[7] 10,^[15] 23^[45]	60,^[7] 150,^[15] 208^[45]	U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	23^[45]	57^[45]	U/L
Acid phosphatase		3.0^[45]	ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)	2.3^[3]	16^[3]	µg/L

[edit] Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Osmolality		275,^[6] 280,^[15] 281^[3]	295,^[6] 296,^[15] 297^[3]	mOsm/kg	Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity		Slightly less than osmolality		mOsm/l	Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea		3.0^[153]	7.0^[153]	mmol/L	BUN - blood urea nitrogen
Urea		7^[6]	18,^[6] 21^[7]	mg/dL	BUN - blood urea nitrogen
* Uric acid^[7]		0.18^[6]	0.48^[6]	mmol/L
	Female	2.0^[15]	7.0^[15]	mg/dL
	Male	2.1^[15]	8.5^[15]	mg/dL
Creatinine	male	60,^[3] 68^[154]	90,^[3] 118^[154]	μmol/L	May be complemented with creatinine clearance
	male	0.7,^[155] 0.8^[155]	1.0,^[155] 1.3^[155]	mg/dL
	female	50,^[3] 68^[154]	90,^[3] 98^[154]	μmol/L
	female	0.6,^[155] 0.8^[155]	1.0,^[155] 1.1^[155]	mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio		5^[15]	35^[15]	-
Plasma glucose (fasting)		3.8,^[6] 4.0^[3]	6.0,^[3] 6.1^[156]	mmol/L	See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
Plasma glucose (fasting)		65,^[7] 70,^[6] 72^[157]	100,^[156] 110^[15]	mg/dL	See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
Full blood glucose (fasting)		3.3^[3]	5.6^[3]	mmol/L
Full blood glucose (fasting)		60^[157]	100^[157]	mg/dL
Lactate (Venous)		4.5^[15]	19.8^[15]	mg/dL
Lactate (Venous)		0.5^[158]	2.2^[158]	mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)		4.5^[15]	14.4^[15]	mg/dL
Lactate (Arterial)		0.5^[158]	1.6^[158]	mmol/L
Pyruvate		300^[15]	900^[15]	μg/dL
Pyruvate		34^[159]	102^[159]	μmol/L